Which of these is considered a deterministic factor?

A deterministic factor is one that leads to predictable outcomes under specific conditions. In this context, the death rate fits this definition because it is often a direct result of easily measurable variables, such as age, health status, and environmental conditions. The death rate can be calculated and anticipated based on these factors, allowing for reliable predictions about population dynamics, assuming a consistent set of conditions.

On the other hand, environmental variation introduces unpredictability. It encompasses fluctuations in climate, weather, and habitat, which can lead to varying effects on populations. Similarly, forest fires and diseases can be influenced by numerous unpredictable factors, making their impacts less deterministic. While they can significantly influence wildlife populations, their occurrences and effects can vary widely, leading to different outcomes depending on numerous variables. Hence, the death rate stands out as a more deterministic factor in the context of wildlife ecology.