What is the principle of ecological succession?

The principle of ecological succession refers to the sequential process through which ecosystems change and develop over time, typically following a disturbance or the creation of new substrates. This process involves various stages, from pioneer species that colonize barren or disturbed areas to more complex communities that can take decades or even centuries to establish.

During succession, the initial stages often feature simple, hardy species that can tolerate harsh conditions. As these species modify the environment—such as improving soil quality or altering moisture availability—more diverse and complex species can take over, leading to a stable climax community. This dynamic process illustrates how ecosystems are not static but are continually evolving in response to various factors, including climate, soil conditions, and biotic interactions.

The other options do not accurately describe the essence of ecological succession. A constant state of balance in ecosystems overlooks the dynamic nature of ecological changes. The introduction of invasive species refers to disruptions rather than a gradual development process. While restoring disturbed habitats is undoubtedly important in ecology, it is more of an application of knowledge about succession rather than a principle in its own right. Thus, the correct understanding of ecological succession emphasizes the ongoing change and evolution within ecosystems.