After mining in a deciduous forest in Madhya Pradesh, pits were filled with water, creating a lake visited by migratory birds. What is this an example of?

The scenario described illustrates the concept of replacement, where the original environment, in this case, a deciduous forest, has been altered significantly due to mining activities. Instead of restoring the forest to its previous state or recovering the natural habitats, the result of mining has led to the formation of a new ecological feature—a lake filled with water. This new body of water has now provided a different habitat that attracts migratory birds.

In ecological terms, replacement occurs when one habitat is substituted with another, leading to the establishment of a new ecosystem that may support different biological communities compared to the original. Here, the mining has permanently changed the landscape, and while the new lake may provide ecological benefits like attracting migratory birds, it does not return the ecosystem to its previous state or enhance the original forest habitat.

Recovery and restoration would imply a return to the original conditions of the forest ecosystem, which hasn't happened in this case. Enhancement would typically suggest improvements to an existing ecosystem rather than the creation of an entirely new one. Therefore, the formation of a lake in the context of former forested land aligns best with the concept of replacement.