After mining, a deciduous forest in Madhya Pradesh had soil filled in and species replanted. This is an example of what?

The scenario described involves the process of taking a disturbed area, specifically a deciduous forest that was impacted by mining, and reintroducing soil and replanted species. This is a clear example of restoration, which refers to the efforts made to return an ecosystem to its original state or to a state that is as close as possible to its natural characteristics and functionality.

Restoration differs fundamentally from other concepts related to ecosystem management. Recovery typically signifies the natural process by which an ecosystem heals itself without human intervention, while enhancement would involve improving an existing ecosystem's conditions or resources, also not strictly about returning it to its original state. Replacement would imply that one ecosystem is entirely substituted for another. In this case, since the goal is to bring back the deciduous forest ecosystem through human efforts after disturbances caused by mining, the term that most accurately describes this effort is restoration.